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''Deutsche Physik'' (literally: "German Physics") or Aryan Physics ((ドイツ語:Arische Physik)) was a nationalist movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s opposed to the work of Albert Einstein and other modern theoretically based physics, labeled "Jewish Physics" ((ドイツ語:Jüdische Physik)). The term was taken from the title of a 4-volume physics textbook by Philipp Lenard in the 1930s. ==Origins== This movement began as an extension of a German nationalistic movement in the physics community which went back as far as World War I. On 25 August 1914, during the German invasion of Belgium, German troops used petrol to set fire to the library of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.〔(LOST MEMORY - LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES DESTROYED IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ) ()〕〔Theodore Wesley Koch. The University of Louvain and its library. J.M. Dent and Sons, London and Toronto, 1917. Pages 21–23. http://libcudl.colorado.edu/wwi/pdf/i73698027.pdf accessed 18 June 2013〕 The incident of the burning of the library led to a protest note by British scientists, which was signed also by eight distinguished British scientists, namely William Bragg, William Crookes, Alexander Fleming, Horace Lamb, Oliver Lodge, William Ramsay, Lord Rayleigh and J. J. Thomson. In 1915 this led to a counter-reaction in the form of an "appeal" formulated by Wilhelm Wien and addressed to German physicists and scientific publishers, which was signed by sixteen German physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Johannes Stark. They claimed that German character had been misinterpreted and that attempts made over many years to reach an understanding between the two countries had obviously failed, so that conclusions had now to be drawn, in regard to the use of the English language by German scientific authors, editors of books and translators.〔For the full German text of Wilhelm Wien's ''appeal'' see: ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science'' (J. L. Heilbron, ed.), Oxford University Press, New York 2003, p. 419. The ''appeal'' states: :"Because of the war the relations of scientific circles to the hostile foreign countries will experience a novel regulation. It will in particular concern our relation to England, after the anti-German declaration formulated without any understanding of German character by English scientists has been signed by eight well-known physicists too (Bragg, Crookes, Fleming, Lamb, Lodge, Ramsey, Rayleigh, J. J. Thomson). :It is herewith proven that the attempts made over many years to reach a better mutual understanding with the English have failed and cannot be taken up again within a foreseeable future. The regards which we have taken in the interest of a greater familiarity of the scientific circles of both peoples are no longer justified. Therefore, it is advisable to remove again the unjustified English influence which has penetrated German physics. :Of course, the purpose cannot be to reject English scientific ideas and stimulations. But the currently criticized predilection for things foreign has influenced also our science so much that it seems required to point this out. :After this hint we constrain ourselves above all to propose that all physicists should ensure :# that the mentioning of literature of the English should not, as has currently been the case, find stronger consideration than that of our fellow country men; :# that German physicists publish their treatises no longer in English journals, with the exception of cases where replies are required; :# that publishers accept solely scientific works and translations written in German language, and only then if according to the judgment of scientific experts the literature is really outstanding; :# that public money is not spent in order to sponsor translations. :E.Dorn. F. Exner. W. Hallwachs. F. Himstedt. W. König. E. Lecher. O. Lummer. G. Mie. F. Richarz. E. Rieke. E. v. Schweidler. A. Sommerfeld. J. Stark. M. Wien. W. Wien. O. Wiener."〕 A number of German physicists, including Max Planck and the especially passionate Philipp Lenard, a scientific rival of J. J. Thomson, had then signed further "declarations", so that gradually a "war of the minds"〔Stephan L. Wolff: ''Physiker im Krieg der Geister'', Zentrum für Wissenschafts- und Technikgeschichte, München 2001, ().〕 broke out. On the German side it was suggested to avoid an unnecessary use of English language in scientific texts (concerning, e.g., the renaming of German-discovered phenomena with perceived English-derived names, such as "X-ray" instead of "Röntgen ray"). It was stressed, however, that this measure should not be misunderstood as a rejection of British scientific thought, ideas and stimulations. After the war, the affronts of the Treaty of Versailles kept some of these nationalistic feelings running high, especially in Lenard, who in a small pamphlet〔Philipp Lenard, ''England und Deutschland zur Zeit des großen Krieges'' - Geschrieben Mitte August 1914, publiziert im Winter 1914, Heidelberg.〕 had already complained at the beginning of the war about England. When on January 26, 1920, an attempt had been made by the young soldier Oltwig von Hirschfelde to assassinate Matthias Erzberger, the German Chancellor, Lenard had sent a telegram of congratulation to Hirschfelde.〔Heinz Eisgruber: ''Völkische und deutsch-nationale Führer'', 1925.〕 After the assassination, on June 24, 1922, of the politician Walther Rathenau, when the government had ordered the flying of flags at half mast on the day of his funeral, Lenard ignored the order at his institute in Heidelberg. Socialist students organized a demonstration against Lenard, who on the occasion was taken into protective custody by the Jewish prosecutor of state Hugo Marx.〔''Der Fall Philipp Lenard - Mensch und "Politiker", ''Physikalische Blätter 23, No. 6, 262–267 (1967).〕 This was not a sentiment unique to physics or physicists—this blend of nationalism and perceived affront from foreign and internal forces formed a key part of the popularity of the newly forming National Socialist Party (Nazis) in the late 1920s. During the early years of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity was met with much bitter controversy within the physics communities of the world. There were many physicists, especially the "old guard", who were suspicious of the intuitive meanings of Einstein's theories. The leading theoretician of the ''Deutsche Physik'' type of movement was Rudolf Tomaschek who had re-edited the famous physics textbook ''Grimsehl's Lehrbuch der Physik''. In that book, which consists of several volumes, the Lorentz transformation was accepted as well as quantum theory. However, Einstein's interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was not mentioned, and also Einstein's name was completely ignored. Many of these classical physicists resented Einstein's dismissal of the notion of a luminiferous aether, which had been a mainstay of their work for the majority of their productive lives. They were not convinced by the empirical evidence for relativity: the measurements of the perihelion of Mercury and the null result of the Michelson–Morley experiment might be explained in other ways, and the results of the Eddington eclipse experiment were experimentally problematic enough to be dismissed as meaningless by the more devoted doubters. Many of these doubters were very distinguished experimental physicists—Lenard was himself a Nobel laureate in Physics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deutsche Physik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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